General Whistleblower FAQ
What laws cover the alleged retaliation?
The first step in reviewing a whistleblower claim is to determine what statutes or common law actions may provide a remedy. A case may be covered under more than one whistleblower protection provision. Depending upon whom one works for and in which state one is employed, the nature and scope of whistleblower protection is varied. In addition to explicit whistleblower protection laws, employees may also be protected under traditional tort or contract for damages resulting from retaliation for whistleblowing.
The National Whistleblower Center has released a comprehensive publication of all Federal whistleblower laws and regulations. This book is offered on their website as a free download for whistleblowers and their political and legal advocates. Donations are urged, and commercial users are required to pay $120.
What is protected whistleblower activity?
The underlying purpose of whistleblower protection laws is to allow employees to stop, report, or testify about employer actions which are illegal, unhealthy, or violate specific public policies. However, one of the most hotly contested issues in whistleblower law is the exact definition of protected whistleblower activity. Some states have very narrow definitions while others are very broad. An employee or his or her attorney should thoroughly research the state law regarding the definition for his or her state.
How long are the statutes of limitations?
One major weakness in many statutory whistleblower protection laws is the short statute of limitations. Failure to comply with a statute of limitations is one of the favorite defenses in whistleblower cases, and the statute is generally held to start at the time an employee learns that he or she will be retaliated against- not the last day of employment. Each state has its own statute of limitations for common law wrongful termination actions. Federal statutes protecting whistleblowers also have their own statutes of limitations, some as short as thirty days.
What are the remedies?
The decision on how to pursue the claim will determine what statute of limitations is applicable, the types of damages that are recoverable, and in what forum the claim will be adjudicated. In some states, if the employee is covered by a federal statute, the employee may be preempted from bringing a state action. Some employees have filed for both administrative and common law remedies. Although this approach has been successful, it raises other issues besides preemption, such as res judicata and collateral estoppel. The employee should use extreme care in determining the pros and cons of each potential strategy.
What is a basic prima facie case?
The following elements are the basic components of most whistleblower protection claims:
- that the plaintiff is an employee or person covered under the specific statutory or common law relied upon for action;
- that the defendant is an employer or person covered under the specific statutory or common law relied upon for the action;
- that the plaintiff engaged in protected whistleblower activity;
- that the defendant knew or had knowledge that the plaintiff engaged in such activity;
- that retaliation against the employee was motivated, at least in part, by the employee engaging in protected activity;
- that plaintiff was discharged or otherwise discriminated against with respect to his or her compensation, terms, conditions or privileges or employment; or suffered some other wrong actionable under state tort or contract theory;
- that the plaintiff can demonstrate, by a preponderance of the evidence, that he or she would not have been subject to an adverse action in the absence of protected conduct.
How does an employee prove discriminatory motive?
The following general categories of facts or circumstances are used to establish a reasonable inference that the discharge was discriminatory:
- employer's hostile attitude toward matter underlying employee's protected conduct;
- employer's knowledge of protected conduct;
- nature of protected conduct;
- special conditions of employment following protected conduct and leading up to discharge;
- disparate treatment of discharged employee prior to protected conduct;
- previous expressions of satisfaction with work record;
- disparate treatment of similarly situated employees;
- termination procedure;
- timing of discharge; and
- threats or retaliation against other employees for similar conduct.
Other factors which have been used successfully to establish circumstantial evidence of discriminatory motive are:
- high work performance ratings prior to engaging in protected activity, and low ratings or "problems" thereafter;
- manner in which the employee was informed of his or her transfer or termination;
- inadequate investigation of the charge against the employee;
- discipline, transfer, or termination shortly after employee engaged in protected activity;
- the magnitude of the alleged offense;
- absence of previous complaints against employee;
- differences in the way complainant and other employees were treated;
- determination that the employee was not guilty of violating work rule charged under, and
- charges of "disloyalty" against an employee for engaging in protected activity.
These issues and others are discussed in greater detail in Concepts and Procedures in Whistleblower Law; (Quorum, 2000). For more information about this and other whistleblower publications, please visit the National Whistleblower Center’s publications page.
If you are a whistleblower seeking legal representation, please fill out our Attorney Referral Service / Report Fraud Now form.
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